How complement pathways generate C3b, anaphylatoxins and C5b–9; why endothelial injury is tissue-specific and what positive, negative and retracted clinical findings show.
Two TNF forms, TNFR1 ubiquitin platforms, caspase-8 and MLKL, TNFR2 signaling and the limits of translating cellular mechanisms into clinical therapy.
Dendritic cells: TLRs, MHC-I/MHC-II processing, cross-presentation, metabolism and tolerance. ZOE-50, IMPACT and the negative ACCESS result.
Local vitamin D metabolism, VDR, CAMP and DEFB4: enzymes, compartments, LL-37 maturation and the limits of clinical infection prevention.
Why food-specific IgG4 neither diagnoses intolerance nor guarantees safety. IgE/FcεRI signalling, IgG4 exchange, BAT, coeliac disease and actual LEAP, EAT, PALISADE and OUtMATCH findings.
Zinc-dependent thymulin activity, transport and TCR signaling; age-related involution, positive and negative trials, laboratory limitations, and safety.
Four CD4+ T-cell programs: receptors, transcription, epigenetics and metabolism, clinical trials, and limits of supplement claims.
How green tea EGCG interacts with DNMT, FOXP3, NF-κB and mTOR, why mouse findings do not establish stable human Treg, and what clinical studies show about efficacy and liver safety.
PAD4, NOX2, myeloperoxidase and elastase enzymology; NETs in thrombosis and autoimmunity, chromatin clearance and negative DNase trials.
How standardized pine bark extract becomes metabolites, what is known about eNOS, COX and 5-LOX, and where clinical trials show positive or negative results.
EPA/DHA enzymatic pathways, stereochemistry, receptors and efferocytosis. Analytical limits of SPM measurements and findings from small studies, REDUCE-IT, STRENGTH and GAUDI.
Pentameric and monomeric CRP structure, calcium and phosphocholine, complement regulation, vascular effects, and the limits of causal inference from hs-CRP. Positive and negative cardiovascular trials.
How IL-6 receptors, ADAM10/17 proteolysis, and JAK–STAT3 shape tissue responses, what olamkicept trials found, and why selectivity has limits.
STAT3, NF-κB and NAD⁺-dependent deacetylation; conflicting Th17/Treg findings, pharmacokinetics and positive and negative clinical trials.
How structural differences between curcumin, DMC, and BDMC affect redox chemistry and IKK/NF-κB signaling; what positive and negative RA trials show, and where evidence of efficacy and safety ends.
How lactoferrin coordinates Fe³⁺, how lactoferricin and other experimental mechanisms are studied, and what trials show for preterm sepsis, anemia, H. pylori, and respiratory infections.
How GML amphiphilicity changes membranes, why activity depends on the medium, and what short human topical studies actually found. Covers viral spectrum, cell signaling, hydrolysis, and the absence of an established oral treatment regimen.
How AKBA modulates lipoxygenases, why exposure limits mechanistic translation, and what positive and negative Boswellia trials show.
Structure of β-(1→3)/(1→6)-glucans, Dectin-1 recognition, and cellular trained-immunity models; human studies of yeast and mushroom products, safety, and limits on extrapolating results.
