Knowledge · Nutrition
Vitamin D, VDR and antimicrobial peptides: mechanisms and clinical limits
Local vitamin D metabolism, VDR, CAMP and DEFB4: enzymes, compartments, LL-37 maturation and the limits of clinical infection prevention.
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Knowledge · Nutrition
Food-specific IgG4 and IgE allergy: blocking antibodies, degranulation and diagnostic limits
Why food-specific IgG4 neither diagnoses intolerance nor guarantees safety. IgE/FcεRI signalling, IgG4 exchange, BAT, coeliac disease and actual LEAP, EAT, PALISADE and OUtMATCH findings.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Zinc and thymulin: T-cell maturation and the limits of thymus restoration
Zinc-dependent thymulin activity, transport and TCR signaling; age-related involution, positive and negative trials, laboratory limitations, and safety.
Knowledge · Nutrition
EGCG and T cells: epigenetics, metabolism and evidence limits
How green tea EGCG interacts with DNMT, FOXP3, NF-κB and mTOR, why mouse findings do not establish stable human Treg, and what clinical studies show about efficacy and liver safety.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Specialized pro-resolving mediators: the biochemistry of resolvins, protectins and maresins
EPA/DHA enzymatic pathways, stereochemistry, receptors and efferocytosis. Analytical limits of SPM measurements and findings from small studies, REDUCE-IT, STRENGTH and GAUDI.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Resveratrol and immune signalling: STAT3, NF-κB and the contradictions of SIRT1
STAT3, NF-κB and NAD⁺-dependent deacetylation; conflicting Th17/Treg findings, pharmacokinetics and positive and negative clinical trials.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Lactoferrin binds iron: antimicrobial peptides and clinical evidence
How lactoferrin coordinates Fe³⁺, how lactoferricin and other experimental mechanisms are studied, and what trials show for preterm sepsis, anemia, H. pylori, and respiratory infections.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Monolaurin: membrane mechanisms, enveloped viruses, and the limits of clinical evidence
How GML amphiphilicity changes membranes, why activity depends on the medium, and what short human topical studies actually found. Covers viral spectrum, cell signaling, hydrolysis, and the absence of an established oral treatment regimen.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Fungal β-glucans, Dectin-1, and trained innate immunity: molecular form and limits of clinical inference
Structure of β-(1→3)/(1→6)-glucans, Dectin-1 recognition, and cellular trained-immunity models; human studies of yeast and mushroom products, safety, and limits on extrapolating results.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra): Composition, Antiviral Hypotheses, and Clinical Limits
What is known about elderberry cyanidin anthocyanins and neuraminidase, the limits of pharmacokinetic evidence, and why small positive trials coexist with a negative RCT in PCR-confirmed influenza. Raw-material safety and the absence of a universal dose are considered separately.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Purple coneflower: alkylamides, CB2, and the limits of immune effects
Echinacea alkylamide chemistry, CB2-dependent and independent cellular responses, human pharmacokinetics, and mixed clinical findings, with limits on extrapolation.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Andrographis, andrographolide, NF-κB p50, and acute respiratory infection evidence
Andrographis paniculata chemistry, the preclinical Cys62 p50 NF-κB mechanism, trials of specific extracts for ARI symptoms, pharmacokinetics, and current allergy-safety signals.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Quercetin and luteolin: mast-cell signaling pathways and the limits of clinical evidence
How mast-cell receptors and calcium signals work, what quercetin and luteolin studies show, and why cell mechanisms do not establish direct CRAC blockade or MCAS treatment.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: Mediators, Diagnosis, and Limits of Therapy
How to distinguish MCAS from mastocytosis and allergy; event-related tryptase, histamine, PGD₂, leukotrienes, diagnostic criteria, treatment evidence, and safety limits.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Postbiotics and the Bacterial Cell Wall: MDP, NOD2, and the Limits of Immune Effects
A professional review of bacterial wall composition, MDP access to NOD2, signaling and genetic pathways, and the limits of clinical evidence for specific inactivated preparations.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Fecal calprotectin: from neutrophil to decisions in IBD and IBS
How the S100A8/S100A9 complex reaches stool from neutrophils, what the assay measures, and why thresholds differ for suspected IBD, remission monitoring, and postoperative follow-up.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Secretory IgA (sIgA): polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transcytosis, immune exclusion of pathogens, and symbiosis with commensal microbiota
How secretory IgA is assembled and transported across the epithelium, how it can limit pathogens while supporting some commensals, and why stool sIgA alone is not a diagnosis or treatment target.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Tributyrin and Sodium Butyrate: Chemistry, Delivery, and Limits of Clinical Inference
How tributyrin and sodium butyrate differ in chemistry, lipolysis, release location, and clinical evidence—and why molecular composition alone does not prove delivery to the colon.
Knowledge · Nutrition
Berberine and the Intestinal Barrier: AMPK, Tight Junctions, and the Limits of Clinical Evidence
How berberine affects AMPK, MLCK, ZO-1, and occludin in epithelial injury models; pharmacokinetics, separate IBS-D and ulcerative-colitis findings, and limits of clinical inference.
