How secretory IgA is assembled and transported across the epithelium, how it can limit pathogens while supporting some commensals, and why stool sIgA alone is not a diagnosis or treatment target.
The complete pathway from choline and carnitine through CutC/CutD, CntA/B, and FMO3 to TMAO elimination; mechanistic models, human feeding studies, observational associations, fish, and CKD.
How gut microbes produce acetate, propionate and butyrate, how colonocytes absorb and oxidize them, and how receptor signaling differs from HDAC inhibition. Crypts, Tregs, the barrier, gut hormones and human trials, with corrected calculations and clear limits on clinical inference.
Berberine and DHB: chemistry and intestinal redox cycling, transport, complex I–AMPK, LDLR–PCSK9, microbiota and human glycemic and liver studies. Why greater exposure does not establish clinical superiority.
Panax ginseng chemistry and processing, intestinal metabolism, BDNF/TrkB, receptors, microglia and stress pathways, with clinical trials and practical limitations.
A portion of starch passes through the small intestine without full digestion, acting as a substrate for the microbiota. We analyze types of resistance, rice cooling, metabolic studies, Lynch syndrome, actual dosages, and safe practices.
