How berberine affects AMPK, MLCK, ZO-1, and occludin in epithelial injury models; pharmacokinetics, separate IBS-D and ulcerative-colitis findings, and limits of clinical inference.
ADIPOQ assembly, HMW fractions, inverted receptors, ceramide hydrolysis, APPL1, muscle AMPK and liver PPAR-α. Human associations, genetic and intervention evidence, corrected statistics, and limits of clinical interpretation.
Berberine and DHB: chemistry and intestinal redox cycling, transport, complex I–AMPK, LDLR–PCSK9, microbiota and human glycemic and liver studies. Why greater exposure does not establish clinical superiority.
How plant defense chemistry interacts with Nrf2, AMPK, sirtuins and autophagy. Biosynthesis, agroecology, metabolites, pharmacokinetics and the limits of translating mechanisms into human health and lifespan.
The chemistry of two stilbenes, conjugation and free aglycone, conditional SIRT1 allostery, the indirect PDE–AMPK pathway, clinical markers, and safety boundaries.
A detailed account of rhodiola composition, MAO, NPY/Hsp72, β-endorphin, AMPK and the stress axis. Cellular mechanisms are compared with human trials, with practical limits for dosing, medicine combinations and monitoring.