Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors and reduces sleepiness, but its effects persist longer than the subjective feeling of alertness. We examine absorption, CYP1A2, human studies on sleep and sports, individual differences, and withdrawal. We also cover dosages, pregnancy, children, and drug interactions.

September 2, 2026

Knowledge · Nutrition

Fermented Foods: Microbiota, Digestion, and Safety

Fermentation alters the food matrix, but its effects depend on the product, cultures, and processing. We break down the confirmed mechanism of lactose digestion and human studies on the microbiota, immune markers, blood pressure, and glucose. We also explain histamine, medication interactions, pasteurization, and portion choices.

September 2, 2026

Knowledge · Nutrition

Polyphenols: Metabolism, Cellular Signals, and Human Data

Polyphenols are a diverse group of plant compounds, not a single antioxidant drug. This overview explains their metabolism and microbiota, Nrf2 and the limits of cellular mechanisms, and research on vascular health, cocoa, berries, and resveratrol. We specifically address negative clinical outcomes, risks of concentrated catechins, and practical dietary choices.

September 2, 2026