How composition and processing of cocoa change flavanol dosage, and how the gut and liver modify their chemical form. We analyze the endothelium and nitric oxide, the findings of FLAVIOLA and COSMOS, memory studies, and clinical limitations. We explain EFSA claim conditions, label reading, methylxanthines, and batch quality.
Why fresh garlic, powder, oil, and aged extract are not interchangeable. We explain the formation of allicin, the hydrogen sulfide hypothesis of vascular effects, and human studies on blood pressure, lipids, glucose, immune outcomes, and stomach cancer. We detail bleeding risks, surgery, drug interactions, chemical burns, and storing garlic in oil.
From pungent gingerols and shogaols to human trials on nausea, pain, and glycemic control. We explain the metabolism of components, 5-HT3 and NF-κB signaling, differences between powders and extracts, and clinical effect sizes. We provide a detailed analysis of pregnancy, severe vomiting, menstrual pain, drug interactions, and tolerability.
How epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) passes through the gut and changes in the body, how tea differs from extracts, and why laboratory mechanisms do not equate to clinical benefits. We analyze studies on energy expenditure, weight, lipids, glucose, oncology, and neurology with doses and effect sizes. We provide detailed information on liver injury, drug interactions, and the boundaries of independent use.
Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors and reduces sleepiness, but its effects persist longer than the subjective feeling of alertness. We examine absorption, CYP1A2, human studies on sleep and sports, individual differences, and withdrawal. We also cover dosages, pregnancy, children, and drug interactions.
Polyphenols are a diverse group of plant compounds, not a single antioxidant drug. This overview explains their metabolism and microbiota, Nrf2 and the limits of cellular mechanisms, and research on vascular health, cocoa, berries, and resveratrol. We specifically address negative clinical outcomes, risks of concentrated catechins, and practical dietary choices.
