Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
A structured course for professionals, covering chemical foundations and cellular organization through metabolism, physiology, and the interpretation of scientific data. Start with the first section, or use the syllabus to find a module or a specific lesson. Materials become available as they are published.
- Section
- 16
- Module
- 227
- Lesson
- 2469
NutriFit Editorial TeamCurriculum updated: © 2026 NutriFit
Course curriculum
Lessons found: 2469
Section 1. Scientific, Chemical, and Molecular and Cellular Foundations
Module 1. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Scientific Thinking
- Lesson 1.Levels of biological organization: molecule, complex, cell, tissue, organ, organism, and populationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 2.The scope of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, physiology, and laboratory medicineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 3.Observation, scientific questions, hypotheses, experiments, and testable predictionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 4.Biological mechanisms, statistical associations, and causal relationshipsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 5.Scientific models, assumptions, domains of applicability, and limits of explanationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 6.Reproducibility, independent confirmation, and revision of scientific conclusionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 7.Biomarkers: analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 8.Screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and scientific researchAvailable after publication
- Lesson 9.Professional terminology, international nomenclature, and abbreviationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 10.Primary research articles, reviews, textbooks, databases, and clinical guidelinesAvailable after publication
Module 2. General Chemistry and the Quantitative Foundations of Biochemistry
- Lesson 11.Atomic structure, electron shells, and periodic properties of elementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 12.Isotopes, ions, valence, and oxidation statesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 13.Covalent, coordinate, and ionic bondsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 14.Molecular formulas, molar mass, and amount of substanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 15.Chemical reaction stoichiometry and conservation lawsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 16.SI units, dimensions, and laboratory unit conversionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 17.Molar, mass, and molal concentrations; mass and volume fractionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 18.Chemical activity, ionic strength, and the distinction between activity and concentrationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 19.Orders of magnitude, significant figures, and calculation uncertaintyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 20.Oxidation–reduction reactions and electron balanceAvailable after publication
Module 3. Solutions, Chemical Equilibrium, and Acid–Base Systems
- Lesson 21.Water, hydration, and the role of solvents in biological systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 22.Solubility, partitioning between phases, and solution propertiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 23.Chemical equilibrium and the law of mass actionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 24.Acids and bases; conjugate acid–base pairsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 25.pH, pKa, and the ionization of biomoleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 26.Buffer capacity and biological buffer systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 27.Osmosis, osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 28.Diffusion, concentration gradients, and mass transferAvailable after publication
- Lesson 29.Complex formation and metal ion bindingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 30.Colloidal systems, aggregation, and dispersion stabilityAvailable after publication
Module 4. Organic Chemistry and Classes of Biomolecules
- Lesson 31.Carbon skeletons, functional groups, and organic compound nomenclatureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 32.Isomerism, chirality, and the stereospecificity of biological reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 33.Nucleophiles, electrophiles, and major types of organic transformationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 34.Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharidesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 35.Fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 36.Amino acids, peptide bonds, and side-chain propertiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 37.Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 38.Nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, DNA, and RNAAvailable after publication
- Lesson 39.Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, lipoproteins, and other complex biomoleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 40.Hydrolysis, condensation, group transfer, and polymerizationAvailable after publication
Module 5. Biophysics and the Thermodynamics of Living Systems
- Lesson 41.Open systems, matter and energy flows; equilibrium and steady statesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 42.Internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and free energyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 43.Spontaneity and coupling of biochemical reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 44.Chemical potential and the energetics of concentration gradientsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 45.Reaction rates, activation energy, and catalysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 46.Temperature, molecular mobility, and biomolecular stabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 47.Brownian motion, diffusion limitations, and the intracellular environmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 48.Electrochemical gradients and membrane potentialAvailable after publication
- Lesson 49.Absorption, scattering, and emission of light by biomoleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 50.Radioactive and stable isotopes in biological researchAvailable after publication
Module 6. Molecular Recognition and Biomolecular Interactions
- Lesson 51.Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forcesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 52.The hydrophobic effect and the organization of biological structuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 53.Surface complementarity and molecular conformational dynamicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 54.Binding affinity, avidity, and specificityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 55.Equilibrium association and dissociation constantsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 56.Binding kinetics and the lifetime of molecular complexesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 57.Interaction stoichiometry, competition, and cooperativityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 58.Allostery, conformational selection, and induced fitAvailable after publication
- Lesson 59.Protein–protein, protein–nucleic acid, and protein–ligand interactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 60.Molecular crowding, phase separation, and biomolecular condensatesAvailable after publication
Module 7. Cells, Organelles, and Compartmentalization
- Lesson 61.Cell theory and the general properties of cellular systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 62.Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular organizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 63.Cytosol, organelles, and the distribution of biochemical functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 64.Mitochondria and the integration of cellular energy systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 65.The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 66.Lysosomes, endosomes, and peroxisomesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 67.The nucleus, nuclear envelope, and nucleolusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 68.Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound cellular structuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 69.Cell specialization and coordination of organelle functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 70.Organelle contact sites and intracellular metabolite exchangeAvailable after publication
Module 8. Enzymes and the Mechanisms of Biochemical Catalysis
- Lesson 71.Nomenclature, enzyme classes, and types of enzymatic reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 72.The active site, substrate binding, and the transition stateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 73.Michaelis–Menten kinetics, Km, Vmax, and catalytic efficiencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 74.Multisubstrate reactions and coupled enzyme systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 75.Competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive, and irreversible inhibitionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 76.Allostery, cooperativity, and feedbackAvailable after publication
- Lesson 77.Post-translational regulation of enzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 78.Cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, and cosubstratesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 79.NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, coenzyme A, and chemical group carriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 80.Vitamins and metals in enzymatic catalysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 81.Isoenzymes, zymogens, and enzyme complexesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 82.Enzyme activity, enzyme abundance, and metabolic fluxAvailable after publication
Module 9. Biological Membranes and Molecular Transport
- Lesson 83.The lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and membrane asymmetryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 84.Fluidity, curvature, and the organization of membrane domainsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 85.Simple and facilitated diffusionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 86.Channels, carriers, and pumpsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 87.Primary and secondary active transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 88.Symport, antiport, and the coupling of transport processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 89.Ion selectivity, electrochemical equilibrium, and membrane potentialAvailable after publication
- Lesson 90.Aquaporins and the regulation of cellular water balanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 91.Transport of sugars, amino acids, lipids, and metabolitesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 92.Altered membrane transport in inherited and acquired disordersAvailable after publication
Module 10. Protein Targeting and Intracellular Transport
- Lesson 93.Signal sequences and cellular protein targetingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 94.Protein transport into the endoplasmic reticulumAvailable after publication
- Lesson 95.Maturation and sorting of secretory pathway proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 96.The Golgi apparatus and the distribution of cellular cargoAvailable after publication
- Lesson 97.Vesicular transport, coat proteins, and membrane fusionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 98.Endocytosis, receptor recycling, and endosome maturationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 99.Exocytosis, regulated secretion, and extracellular vesiclesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 100.Protein import into mitochondria and peroxisomesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 101.Nuclear pores and the import and export of macromoleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 102.Polarized transport and organelle interactionsAvailable after publication
Module 11. The Cytoskeleton, Cellular Architecture, and Mechanobiology
- Lesson 103.Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filamentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 104.Cytoskeletal polymerization, dynamics, and regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 105.Molecular motors and cellular cargo transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 106.Centrosomes, cilia, and flagellaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 107.Cell shape, the cell cortex, and cell polarityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 108.Cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix attachmentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 109.Integrins, adhesion complexes, and mechanotransductionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 110.Cell migration and tissue remodelingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 111.Mechanical properties of the microenvironment and regulation of cell behaviorAvailable after publication
Module 12. The Cell Nucleus and the Spatial Architecture of the Genome
- Lesson 112.The nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, and organization of the nuclear interiorAvailable after publication
- Lesson 113.Chromosomes, chromatids, centromeres, and telomeresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 114.Nucleosomes, histones, and levels of chromatin packagingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 115.Euchromatin, heterochromatin, and DNA accessibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 116.Genes, exons, introns, promoters, and distal regulatory elementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 117.Noncoding DNA, repetitive sequences, and mobile elementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 118.Chromosome territories, compartments, and topological domainsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 119.Chromatin loops, regulatory element contacts, and architectural proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 120.The nucleolus, nuclear bodies, and biomolecular condensatesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 121.Links between three-dimensional genome organization and gene expression, replication, and DNA stabilityAvailable after publication
Module 13. DNA Replication and Chromosome Maintenance
- Lesson 122.Semiconservative replication and the direction of DNA synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 123.Replication origins and the organization of replication domainsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 124.The replisome, helicases, primases, and DNA polymerasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 125.Leading and lagging strands; DNA fragment maturationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 126.Replication fidelity, proofreading activity, and error controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 127.DNA topology and topoisomerase functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 128.Replication licensing and coordination with the cell cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 129.Chromatin replication and restoration of chromatin organizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 130.Telomeres, telomerase, and the end-replication problemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 131.Distinctive features of mitochondrial genome replicationAvailable after publication
Module 14. DNA Damage, Repair, and Recombination
- Lesson 132.Endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damageAvailable after publication
- Lesson 133.Chemical modifications of bases and damage to the sugar–phosphate backboneAvailable after publication
- Lesson 134.Replication errors and mismatch repairAvailable after publication
- Lesson 135.Base excision and nucleotide excision repairAvailable after publication
- Lesson 136.Single-strand and double-strand DNA breaksAvailable after publication
- Lesson 137.Homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joiningAvailable after publication
- Lesson 138.Interstrand crosslinks and the recovery of stalled replication forksAvailable after publication
- Lesson 139.DNA damage signaling and checkpointsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 140.Meiotic recombination and the generation of genetic diversityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 141.Genomic instability, mutational signatures, and links to diseaseAvailable after publication
Module 15. Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression
- Lesson 142.Transcription units and the use of the DNA templateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 143.RNA polymerases and organization of the transcription machineryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 144.Transcription initiation, elongation, and terminationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 145.Promoters, enhancers, silencers, and insulatorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 146.Transcription factors, coactivators, and corepressorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 147.Chromatin complexes and regulatory region accessibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 148.Operons and basic principles of prokaryotic regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 149.Combinatorial and tissue-specific regulation in eukaryotesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 150.Transcriptional bursting and cellular heterogeneityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 151.Transcriptional responses to nutrients, hormones, and stressAvailable after publication
Module 16. RNA Biology and Post-transcriptional Regulation
- Lesson 152.Messenger, ribosomal, transfer, and regulatory RNAsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 153.RNA structure and interactions with proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 154.Capping and formation of the messenger RNA 3′ endAvailable after publication
- Lesson 155.The spliceosome, splicing, and alternative transcriptsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 156.RNA editing and transcript diversityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 157.Nuclear export, intracellular localization, and storage of RNAAvailable after publication
- Lesson 158.Transcript stability and major RNA degradation pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 159.RNA quality control and elimination of defective transcriptsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 160.MicroRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and piRNAsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 161.Long noncoding and circular RNAsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 162.RNA-binding proteins and ribonucleoprotein complexesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 163.Chemical modifications of RNA and epitranscriptomicsAvailable after publication
Module 17. Translation and Protein Biosynthesis
- Lesson 164.The genetic code, codons, and anticodonsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 165.Ribosome structure and the role of ribosomal RNAAvailable after publication
- Lesson 166.Transfer RNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 167.Translation initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 168.Elongation, peptide bond formation, and translocationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 169.Termination and ribosome recyclingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 170.Translation fidelity and error correctionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 171.Polysomes and the coupling of protein synthesis and foldingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 172.Translation regulation according to energy and nutritional statusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 173.Ribosomal stress and quality control of nascent proteinsAvailable after publication
Module 18. Protein Maturation, Proteostasis, and Molecular Quality Control
- Lesson 174.Protein folding and the conformational energy landscapeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 175.Chaperones, chaperonins, and cochaperonesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 176.Disulfide bonds, proteolytic maturation, and complex assemblyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 177.Protein phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 178.Glycosylation, lipidation, and other post-translational modificationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 179.Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modificationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 180.The proteasome and selective protein degradationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 181.Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and ERADAvailable after publication
- Lesson 182.The unfolded protein response and the integrated stress responseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 183.Autophagy, lysosomal degradation, and removal of protein aggregatesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 184.Amyloid structures, proteotoxicity, and disrupted proteostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 185.Protein turnover, degradomics, and links between proteostasis and metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 19. Epigenetic Mechanisms and Cellular Memory
- Lesson 186.Epigenetic states and their distinction from changes in DNA sequenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 187.DNA methylation and maintenance of methylated regionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 188.DNA demethylation and its relationship to cellular metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 189.Histone modifications and proteins that recognize epigenetic marksAvailable after publication
- Lesson 190.ATP-dependent chromatin remodelingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 191.Genomic imprinting and the parental origin of allelesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 192.X-chromosome inactivation and gene dosage compensationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 193.Maintenance of cellular identity during divisionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 194.Epigenetic plasticity in development, aging, and diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 195.Transmission of epigenetic states and limits of intergenerational inferenceAvailable after publication
Module 20. Receptors and Intracellular Signaling Systems
- Lesson 196.Receptor classes and principles of signal recognitionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 197.G protein-coupled receptors and second messengersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 198.Receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling adaptorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 199.The RAS–MAPK and PI3K–AKT cascadesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 200.AMPK, mTOR, and coordination of energy status with cell growthAvailable after publication
- Lesson 201.Calcium signaling and organelle interactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 202.JAK–STAT, cytokine signaling, and intercellular regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 203.NF-κB, inflammatory signaling, and stress responsesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 204.Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TGF-β in development and homeostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 205.Nuclear receptors and transcriptional responses to small moleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 206.HIF and NRF2 in adaptation to hypoxia and oxidative challengesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 207.Feedback, crosstalk, adaptation, and spatial organization of signalingAvailable after publication
Module 21. The Cell Cycle, Cell Division, and Genome Segregation
- Lesson 208.Cell cycle phases and quiescent statesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 209.Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and their regulatorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 210.Control of cell cycle transitionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 211.Coordination of replication, cell growth, and divisionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 212.Chromosome condensation and spindle formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 213.Kinetochores, chromosome attachment, and segregation controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 214.Mitosis, cytokinesis, and maintenance of cell polarityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 215.Meiosis, crossing over, and chromosome number reductionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 216.Aneuploidy, polyploidy, and chromosomal instabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 217.Disrupted control of cell division in malignant transformationAvailable after publication
Module 22. Cellular Stress, Senescence, and Regulated Cell Death
- Lesson 218.Cell injury, adaptation, and reversibility of changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 219.Oxidative, genotoxic, metabolic, and proteotoxic stressAvailable after publication
- Lesson 220.Stress granules and reorganization of molecular processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 221.Mitochondrial quality control and mitophagyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 222.Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 223.Necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 224.Cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotypeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 225.Clearance of dead cells and restoration of tissue homeostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 226.Interactions between cell death, inflammation, and regenerationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 227.Molecular markers of cellular state and limits of their interpretationAvailable after publication
Module 23. Molecular Biology of Development and Cell Differentiation
- Lesson 228.Cell potency, self-renewal, and acquisition of specialized functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 229.Maternal factors and early developmental regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 230.Morphogens, positional information, and spatial pattern formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 231.Gene regulatory networks and stability of cellular identityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 232.Asymmetric division and cell fate decisionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 233.Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions and cellular plasticityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 234.Organogenesis and coordination of proliferation, migration, and differentiationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 235.Stem cell niches and maintenance of adult tissuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 236.Regeneration, reprogramming, and limits of recoveryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 237.Developmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factorsAvailable after publication
Module 24. Human Heredity and Genetic Variation
- Lesson 238.Genes, alleles, genotype, and phenotypeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 239.Mendelian inheritance and pedigree interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 240.Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 241.Sex chromosome-linked inheritanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 242.Mitochondrial inheritance, heteroplasmy, and threshold effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 243.Penetrance, expressivity, and age dependence of traitsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 244.Single-nucleotide variants, insertions, deletions, and repeat expansionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 245.Structural rearrangements, copy number variation, and aneuploidyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 246.Germline and somatic variants; mosaicism and chimerismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 247.Linkage, recombination, haplotypes, and linkage disequilibriumAvailable after publication
- Lesson 248.Polygenic traits and genotype–environment interactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 249.Genetic causation, predisposition, carrier status, and absence of clinical manifestationsAvailable after publication
Section 2. Human physiology and general pathophysiology
Module 25. Tissues and organization of the body
- Lesson 250.Epithelial tissues and their specialized functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 251.Connective tissues and the extracellular matrixAvailable after publication
- Lesson 252.Muscle tissues and mechanisms of contractionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 253.Nervous tissue, neurons, and gliaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 254.The internal environment and intercellular exchangeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 255.Organs, functional systems, and physiological reservesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 256.Homeostasis and mechanisms of adaptationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 257.Relationships between tissue structure and its molecular and laboratory characteristicsAvailable after publication
Module 26. Blood and hematopoiesis
- Lesson 258.Hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation lineagesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 259.Erythropoiesis and its regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 260.Hemoglobin and respiratory gas transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 261.Leukopoiesis and functions of leukocyte populationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 262.Megakaryocytes, platelets, and primary hemostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 263.Blood plasma and its major componentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 264.Hemostasis, fibrinolysis, and the vascular wallAvailable after publication
- Lesson 265.Life cycles and clearance of blood cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 266.Blood as a medium for transport, regulation, and diagnostic assessmentAvailable after publication
Module 27. Physiology of digestion and absorption
- Lesson 267.Motility and secretory function of the gastrointestinal tractAvailable after publication
- Lesson 268.Gastric secretion and regulation of acidityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 269.The exocrine pancreas and digestive enzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 270.Bile and the digestive function of bile acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 271.Carbohydrate digestion and absorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 272.Protein and peptide digestion and absorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 273.Lipid digestion and absorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 274.Absorption of vitamins, minerals, and waterAvailable after publication
- Lesson 275.Intestinal transporters and intercellular junctionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 276.Maldigestion, malabsorption, and impaired barrier functionAvailable after publication
Module 28. The liver and interorgan metabolism
- Lesson 277.Liver microstructure and functional zonationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 278.Portal blood flow and the first passage of substances through the liverAvailable after publication
- Lesson 279.Hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 280.The role of the liver in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 281.Synthesis of plasma proteins and regulatory moleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 282.Nitrogen detoxification and xenobiotic biotransformationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 283.Bile secretion and metabolite excretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 284.Liver injury, cholestasis, fibrosis, and regenerationAvailable after publication
Module 29. The kidneys and fluid and electrolyte balance
- Lesson 285.The nephron and organization of renal blood flowAvailable after publication
- Lesson 286.Glomerular filtration and its regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 287.Tubular reabsorption and secretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 288.Urine concentration and dilutionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 289.Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphate metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 290.Maintenance of acid–base balanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 291.Renin, erythropoietin, and renal vitamin D metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 292.Renal excretion of drugs and endogenous metabolitesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 293.Acute kidney injury and chronic functional impairmentAvailable after publication
Module 30. Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology
- Lesson 294.Electrical and mechanical activity of the heartAvailable after publication
- Lesson 295.Hemodynamics, vascular resistance, and blood pressureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 296.Microcirculation and transport between blood and tissuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 297.Ventilation, diffusion, and ventilation–perfusion relationshipsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 298.Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 299.Respiratory regulation of acid–base balanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 300.Hypoxia, ischemia, and reperfusionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 301.Edema, impaired perfusion, and systemic circulatory failureAvailable after publication
Module 31. Neurophysiology and signal integration
- Lesson 302.Excitability, action potentials, and impulse conductionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 303.Chemical and electrical synapsesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 304.Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and receptor typesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 305.Neuroglia and metabolic support of neuronsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 306.The blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 307.The autonomic nervous system and regulation of internal organsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 308.Sensory, motor, and neuroendocrine systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 309.Sleep, wakefulness, and circadian organizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 310.Stress, adaptation, and neuroimmune interactionsAvailable after publication
Module 32. Endocrine physiology
- Lesson 311.Hormone classes and principles of hormonal regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 312.Hormone secretion, transport, metabolism, and clearanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 313.Membrane and intracellular hormone receptorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 314.Feedback, pulsatile secretion, and daily rhythmsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 315.Hypothalamic–pituitary axesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 316.The thyroid gland and thyroid regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 317.The adrenal cortex and medullaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 318.The endocrine pancreas and the incretin systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 319.The parathyroid glands and calcium–phosphate homeostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 320.Reproductive endocrinology and pregnancy hormonesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 321.Adipose tissue and the intestine as endocrine organsAvailable after publication
Module 33. Innate immunity
- Lesson 322.Barrier tissues and local defenseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 323.Recognition of damage-associated and microbial patternsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 324.Phagocytes, granulocytes, and natural killer cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 325.Complement and its major activation pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 326.Cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral interferonsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 327.Inflammatory complexes and cellular responses to injuryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 328.Antigen presentation and links to adaptive immunityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 329.Resolution of inflammation and tissue repairAvailable after publication
Module 34. Adaptive immunity
- Lesson 330.T- and B-lymphocyte maturationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 331.Antigen receptors and their diversityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 332.The major histocompatibility complex and antigen presentationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 333.Cellular immune responses and T-cell subsetsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 334.Humoral responses and plasma cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 335.Immunoglobulin classes, affinity, and avidityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 336.Immunological memory and vaccine responsesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 337.Tolerance, autoimmunity, and hypersensitivity mechanismsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 338.Mechanisms of primary and secondary immunodeficienciesAvailable after publication
Module 35. General mechanisms of pathological processes
- Lesson 339.Reversible and irreversible cell injuryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 340.Necrosis, apoptosis, and regulated forms of cell deathAvailable after publication
- Lesson 341.Acute and chronic inflammationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 342.Fever and the acute-phase responseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 343.Regeneration, fibrosis, and pathological remodelingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 344.Thrombosis, bleeding, and microcirculatory disturbancesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 345.Tumor growth, invasion, and metastasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 346.The tumor microenvironment and immune surveillanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 347.Multimorbidity and interactions between pathological processesAvailable after publication
Section 3. Bioenergetics and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Module 36. Bioenergetics and cellular energy balance
- Lesson 348.Metabolism, basal metabolism, and energy expenditure: distinguishing the conceptsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 349.Anabolism, catabolism, and energy couplingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 350.ATP, ADP, AMP, and cellular energy chargeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 351.Substrate-level phosphorylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 352.Redox potentials and electron transferAvailable after publication
- Lesson 353.NADH, NADPH, and reducing equivalentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 354.The electron transport chain and respiratory complexes I–IVAvailable after publication
- Lesson 355.Ubiquinone, cytochrome c, and organization of respiratory supercomplexesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 356.The proton gradient and ATP synthaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 357.Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 358.Respiratory uncoupling and heat productionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 359.Free energy, equilibrium, and reaction directionality in vivoAvailable after publication
Module 37. Mitochondria and compartmentalization of energy metabolism
- Lesson 360.Mitochondrial membranes, cristae, and matrixAvailable after publication
- Lesson 361.Transport of pyruvate, adenine nucleotides, and phosphateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 362.Transport of citrate, dicarboxylates, and amino acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 363.The malate–aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttlesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 364.Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear–mitochondrial coordinationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 365.Heteroplasmy and tissue heterogeneity in mitochondrial processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 366.Fusion, fission, and mitochondrial dynamicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 367.Mitophagy and mitochondrial quality controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 368.Mitochondrial biogenesis and regulation of respiratory capacityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 369.Mitochondrial contacts with other organellesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 370.Inherited and acquired disorders of cellular respirationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 371.Methods for investigating mitochondrial function and limitations of indirect indicatorsAvailable after publication
Module 38. Glucose transport and glycolysis
- Lesson 372.Intestinal glucose absorption and SGLT transportersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 373.GLUT transporters and tissue distribution of glucoseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 374.Hexokinases, glucokinase, and metabolic trapping of glucoseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 375.The preparatory and energy-yielding phases of glycolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 376.Phosphofructokinase and regulation of glycolytic fluxAvailable after publication
- Lesson 377.Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and coordination of carbohydrate metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 378.NADH production and NAD⁺ regenerationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 379.Pyruvate kinase and tissue-specific features of glycolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 380.Erythrocyte glycolysis and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 381.Glycolysis under changing oxygen availabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 382.Inherited disorders of glycolytic enzymesAvailable after publication
Module 39. Glycogen, gluconeogenesis, and maintenance of blood glucose
- Lesson 383.Glycogen structure and cellular organizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 384.Glycogen synthesis and branch formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 385.Glycogenolysis and removal of branch pointsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 386.Hormonal regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
- Lesson 387.Liver and muscle glycogenAvailable after publication
- Lesson 388.Gluconeogenic substratesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 389.Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 390.Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphataseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 391.Hepatic and renal gluconeogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 392.The energy cost and regulation of gluconeogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 393.Glycogen storage diseases and inherited disorders of blood glucose maintenanceAvailable after publication
Module 40. Alternative pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and glycoconjugates
- Lesson 394.The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathwayAvailable after publication
- Lesson 395.Nonoxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathwayAvailable after publication
- Lesson 396.Ribose 5-phosphate, NADPH, and links to nucleotide metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 397.Fructose metabolism and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 398.Galactose metabolism and galactosemiasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 399.Metabolism of mannose and other monosaccharidesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 400.The polyol pathway and sorbitol metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 401.The uronic acid pathway and glucuronic acidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 402.The hexosamine pathway and UDP-N-acetylglucosamineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 403.Glycoconjugate biosynthesis and glycosylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 404.Nonenzymatic glycation and advanced glycation end productsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 405.Inherited glycosylation disorders: metabolic foundationsAvailable after publication
Module 41. Pyruvate, lactate, and intertissue carbon transfer
- Lesson 406.Metabolic routes of pyruvate conversionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 407.The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its cofactorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 408.Phosphorylation and regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexAvailable after publication
- Lesson 409.Pyruvate carboxylase and anaplerotic reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 410.Alanine and the glucose–alanine cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 411.Lactate dehydrogenase and regeneration of oxidized coenzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 412.L-Lactate, D-lactate, and differences in their originsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 413.The Cori cycle and interorgan lactate exchangeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 414.Lactate transporters and tissue utilization of lactateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 415.Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 416.Inherited disorders of pyruvate and lactate metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 417.The lactate/pyruvate ratio: preanalytical factors, measurement conditions, and limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 42. The Krebs cycle: citrate, isocitrate, and α-ketoglutarate
- Lesson 418.Organization, regulation, and reaction balance of the tricarboxylic acid cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 419.Acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, and citrate formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 420.cis-Aconitate, aconitase, and isocitrateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 421.Isocitrate dehydrogenases and α-ketoglutarate formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 422.Citrate transport and links to fatty acid synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 423.Citrate and regulation of carbohydrate metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 424.α-Ketoglutarate and links to amino acid and nitrogen metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 425.The α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexAvailable after publication
- Lesson 426.α-Ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and their cosubstratesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 427.Links between α-ketoglutarate, collagen, and epigenetic regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 428.α-Ketoglutarate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, and the context of tumor metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 429.Changes in metabolite concentration and changes in TCA cycle fluxAvailable after publication
Module 43. The Krebs cycle: succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, and malate
- Lesson 430.Succinyl-CoA and links to heme and amino acid metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 431.Succinyl-CoA synthetase and substrate-level phosphorylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 432.Succinate of endogenous and exogenous originAvailable after publication
- Lesson 433.Succinate dehydrogenase and respiratory chain complex IIAvailable after publication
- Lesson 434.SUCNR1 and the intracellular and extracellular effects of succinateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 435.Succinate in inflammation and tumor processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 436.Fumarate, fumarate hydratase, and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 437.Links between fumarate, the urea cycle, the purine nucleotide cycle, and aromatic compound metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 438.Malate, oxaloacetate, and links to gluconeogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 439.Malate dehydrogenases, malic enzymes, and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 440.Anaplerosis, cataplerosis, and maintenance of metabolite poolsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 441.Exogenous succinate and research into therapeutic applicationsAvailable after publication
Module 44. Fatty acids, lipogenesis, and triacylglycerol stores
- Lesson 442.Lipid classification and energy, structural, and signaling functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 443.Fatty acid nomenclature and double-bond isomerismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 444.Sources of acetyl-CoA and NADPH for lipogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 445.Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malonyl-CoA formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 446.Fatty acid synthase and carbon chain assemblyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 447.Fatty acid elongation and desaturationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 448.Essential fatty acids and their conversionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 449.Triacylglycerol synthesis and sources of glycerol 3-phosphateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 450.Lipid droplets and intracellular fat storageAvailable after publication
- Lesson 451.Hormonal and dietary regulation of lipogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 452.Tissue-specific features of lipid synthesisAvailable after publication
Module 45. Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation
- Lesson 453.Fat mobilization and lipolytic enzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 454.Hormonal regulation of lipolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 455.Transport of nonesterified fatty acids and binding to albuminAvailable after publication
- Lesson 456.Fatty acid activation and acyl-CoAAvailable after publication
- Lesson 457.Reactions of mitochondrial β-oxidationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 458.The energy balance of fatty acid oxidationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 459.Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 460.Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 461.Peroxisomal β-oxidationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 462.α-Oxidation and branched-chain fatty acid metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 463.ω-Oxidation and dicarboxylic acid formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 464.Inherited disorders of fatty acid oxidationAvailable after publication
Module 46. Carnitine, ketogenesis, and ketolysis
- Lesson 465.Dietary sources and endogenous synthesis of carnitineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 466.Carnitine transport and renal reabsorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 467.Carnitine acyltransferases and mitochondrial fatty acid transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 468.Free carnitine, acylcarnitines, and acyl group bufferingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 469.Primary carnitine deficiency and carnitine transport disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 470.Hepatic ketogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 471.Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoneAvailable after publication
- Lesson 472.Ketolysis and tissue utilization of ketone bodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 473.Hormonal regulation of ketone body formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 474.Physiological ketosis, ketoacidosis, and hypoketotic hypoglycemiaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 475.Inherited disorders of ketogenesis and ketolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 476.Links between ketone metabolism and acylcarnitine and organic acid profilesAvailable after publication
Module 47. Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and membrane metabolism
- Lesson 477.Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 478.Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositolAvailable after publication
- Lesson 479.Cardiolipin and mitochondrial membranesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 480.Phospholipid remodeling and the Lands cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 481.Phospholipases and lipid mediator formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 482.Diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and phosphoinositidesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 483.Ceramide synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
- Lesson 484.Sphingomyelin, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and glycosphingolipidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 485.Ether lipids and plasmalogensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 486.Lysosomal disorders of complex lipid degradationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 487.Membrane asymmetry, lipid domains, and interorganelle lipid transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 488.Structural changes in membranes and cellular functionsAvailable after publication
Module 48. Bioactive lipids and regulation of inflammatory processes
- Lesson 489.Arachidonic acid and its release from membranesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 490.Cyclooxygenase pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 491.Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 492.Lipoxygenase pathways and leukotrienesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 493.Lipoxins and specialized pro-resolving mediatorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 494.EPA, DHA, and formation of lipid derivativesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 495.Endocannabinoids and their metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 496.Oxylipins and nonenzymatic lipid oxidationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 497.Bioactive lipid receptorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 498.Cell and tissue specificity of lipid signalsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 499.Mechanistic effects and clinical validation of lipid biomarkersAvailable after publication
Module 49. Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism
- Lesson 500.Cholesterol synthesis and the mevalonate pathwayAvailable after publication
- Lesson 501.SREBP and regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 502.Cholesterol esterification and intracellular storageAvailable after publication
- Lesson 503.Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDLAvailable after publication
- Lesson 504.Apolipoproteins B48 and B100 and lipoprotein assemblyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 505.Lipoprotein lipase and metabolism of triglyceride-rich particlesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 506.LDLR, PCSK9, and receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptakeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 507.ABCA1, ABCG1, LCAT, CETP, and reverse cholesterol transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 508.Lysosomal cholesterol transport and NPC1/NPC2Available after publication
- Lesson 509.Lipoprotein(a) and distinctive features of its metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 510.Inherited hyperlipidemias and hypolipidemiasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 511.Links between lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis, and inflammationAvailable after publication
Module 50. Bile acids and enterohepatic signaling
- Lesson 512.Classical and alternative pathways of bile acid synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 513.Primary bile acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 514.Conjugation with glycine and taurineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 515.Bile transporters and enterohepatic circulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 516.Deconjugation and microbial transformationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 517.Secondary bile acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 518.FXR and TGR5Available after publication
- Lesson 519.Intestinal–hepatic regulation of bile acid synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 520.Bile acids, fat absorption, and cholesterol metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 521.Cholestasis and impaired bile acid transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 522.Inherited defects of bile acid synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 523.Interactions of bile acids with endocrine and metabolic processesAvailable after publication
Module 51. Molecular biochemistry of steroid hormones
- Lesson 524.Cholesterol delivery to mitochondria and initiation of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 525.Pregnenolone and progesterone as intermediatesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 526.Corticosteroid branches of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 527.Androgen pathways and tissue-specific features of synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 528.Aromatization and estrogen formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 529.5α-Reductases and local androgen conversionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 530.Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and local hormone activationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 531.Steroid sulfation, desulfation, and glucuronidationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 532.Hydroxylated and methoxylated estrogen metabolitesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 533.Hepatic and extrahepatic steroid hormone metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 534.Binding proteins and steroid distributionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 535.Nuclear and membrane effects of steroid hormonesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 536.Inherited disorders of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
Module 52. Signaling regulation of metabolism and nutrient availability
- Lesson 537.Insulin signaling: the receptor, PI3K–AKT, and metabolic effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 538.Glucagon, catecholamines, and cAMP-dependent regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 539.AMPK and cellular energy statusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 540.mTORC1, mTORC2, and amino acid availabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 541.FOXO, SREBP, and ChREBPAvailable after publication
- Lesson 542.PPAR and regulation of lipid metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 543.PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 544.Sirtuins and NAD-dependent regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 545.Leptin, adiponectin, and other adipose tissue signalsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 546.Incretins and intestinal–pancreatic regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 547.Circadian clocks and metabolic cyclesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 548.Feedback loops and adaptive metabolic reprogrammingAvailable after publication
Module 53. Interorgan integration and physiological adaptation of metabolism
- Lesson 549.Metabolic specialization of the liver, muscles, brain, adipose tissue, and kidneysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 550.Interorgan transfer of carbon, nitrogen, and reducing equivalentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 551.The fed state and distribution of dietary substratesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 552.Short-term fasting and maintenance of energy supplyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 553.Prolonged dietary restriction and switching of energy substratesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 554.Metabolic flexibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 555.White, brown, and beige adipose tissueAvailable after publication
- Lesson 556.Thermogenesis and energy expenditureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 557.Metabolic adaptation to exerciseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 558.Growth, pregnancy, lactation, and age-related changes in metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 559.Refeeding and metabolic restructuringAvailable after publication
Section 4. Amino acids, specialized metabolism, micronutrients, and redox biochemistry
Module 54. Protein turnover and amino acid pools
- Lesson 560.Protein synthesis, maturation, and degradationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 561.Protein turnover and protein molecule lifetimesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 562.The ubiquitin–proteasome system in protein metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 563.Lysosomal proteolysis and autophagyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 564.Essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential amino acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 565.Intestinal, cellular, and interorgan amino acid transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 566.Free amino acid pools and tissue specificityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 567.Nitrogen balance and adaptation to protein intakeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 568.Postprandial protein metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 569.Muscle proteolysis, recovery, and catabolic statesAvailable after publication
Module 55. General reactions of amino acid metabolism
- Lesson 570.Transamination and pyridoxal phosphateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 571.Oxidative and nonoxidative deaminationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 572.Amino acid decarboxylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 573.Glutamate and glutamate dehydrogenaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 574.Glutamine, glutamine synthetase, and glutaminasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 575.Aspartate, asparagine, and amino group transferAvailable after publication
- Lesson 576.Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 577.Links between amino acid carbon skeletons and the TCA cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 578.Utilization of amino acids in the synthesis of nonprotein compoundsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 579.Tissue-specific features of amino acid utilizationAvailable after publication
Module 56. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
- Lesson 580.Valine, leucine, and isoleucine: structure, sources, and transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 581.Tissue distribution of BCAA catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 582.Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 583.The branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex and its regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 584.Valine catabolism and methylmalonate semialdehyde formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 585.Leucine catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 586.Isoleucine catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 587.Maple syrup urine diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 588.Isovaleric acidemia and other disorders of leucine metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 589.Disorders of intermediate steps in valine and isoleucine metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 590.Propionic and methylmalonic acidemias: links to BCAA catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 591.BCAAs, muscle metabolism, and signaling regulationAvailable after publication
Module 57. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and pterin metabolism
- Lesson 592.Phenylalanine and tyrosine transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 593.Phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 594.Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis, regeneration, and functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 595.Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemiasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 596.Disorders of BH₄ synthesis and regenerationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 597.Tyrosine catabolism and formation of fumarate and acetoacetateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 598.Tyrosinemia types I, II, and IIIAvailable after publication
- Lesson 599.Homogentisic acid and alkaptonuriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 600.Melanogenesis and disorders of pigment formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 601.Links between tyrosine and catecholamine and thyroid hormone synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 602.Pterin profiles and metabolic patterns of disordersAvailable after publication
Module 58. Tryptophan and the kynurenine pathway
- Lesson 603.Tryptophan transport and competition among large neutral amino acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 604.Free and bound tryptophanAvailable after publication
- Lesson 605.Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 606.Kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 607.Kynurenic acidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 608.Quinolinic acidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 609.Picolinic acidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 610.Xanthurenic acidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 611.NAD⁺ formation from tryptophanAvailable after publication
- Lesson 612.Cofactors and regulation of kynurenine pathway enzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 613.Inflammation and rerouting of tryptophan metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 614.Peripheral and central kynureninesAvailable after publication
Module 59. Biochemistry of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
- Lesson 615.Neurotransmitter synthesis, vesicular transport, release, and reuptakeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 616.Dopamine and its metabolic pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 617.Norepinephrine and epinephrineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 618.Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 619.Melatonin and circadian regulation of its productionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 620.The glutamate–glutamine cycle and the GABA shuntAvailable after publication
- Lesson 621.Glycine and D-serine in neurotransmitter systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 622.Acetylcholine and cholinergic metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 623.Histamine and histamine metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 624.Purinergic transmission: ATP and adenosineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 625.Monoamine oxidases and COMTAvailable after publication
- Lesson 626.Neurons, astrocytes, and metabolic interactions between brain cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 627.Inherited disorders of neurotransmitter synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
- Lesson 628.Peripheral and central sources of neurotransmitters and the blood–brain barrierAvailable after publication
Module 60. Ammonia, nitrogen transport, and the urea cycle
- Lesson 629.Endogenous and intestinal sources of ammoniaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 630.Nitrogen transport between organsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 631.Glutamine and alanine as nitrogen carriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 632.Mitochondrial and cytosolic reactions of the urea cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 633.N-Acetylglutamate and regulation of ureagenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 634.Arginine, ornithine, citrulline, and argininosuccinateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 635.Links between the urea cycle, the TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 636.Inherited urea cycle disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 637.Hepatic and extrahepatic causes of hyperammonemiaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 638.Renal ammoniagenesis and acid–base balanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 639.Ammonia preanalytics and confirmation of unexpected resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 640.Diagnostic patterns, critical results, and principles of specialist careAvailable after publication
Module 61. Serine, glycine, threonine, choline, and related metabolites
- Lesson 641.Serine synthesis from glycolytic intermediatesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 642.L-Serine, D-serine, and serine racemaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 643.Interconversion of serine and glycineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 644.The glycine cleavage systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 645.Threonine catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 646.Sarcosine and its metabolic connectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 647.Choline, betaine, and dimethylglycineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 648.Ethanolamine and links to phospholipid metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 649.Inherited disorders of serine and glycine metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 650.Links between serine and glycine metabolism and lipid and nucleotide synthesisAvailable after publication
Module 62. One-carbon metabolism and biochemical methylation
- Lesson 651.One-carbon units and their carriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 652.The folate cycle and tetrahydrofolate formsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 653.Compartmentalization of one-carbon metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 654.The methionine cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 655.S-Adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 656.Homocysteine remethylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 657.Cobalamin-dependent reactions and intracellular vitamin B12 processingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 658.Methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and small moleculesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 659.Links between one-carbon metabolism and nucleotide synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 660.The folate trap and functional metabolic disturbancesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 661.Inherited remethylation disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 662.Metabolic relationships and limitations of generalized methylation assessmentsAvailable after publication
Module 63. Sulfur-containing amino acids and sulfur metabolism
- Lesson 663.Methionine, cysteine, and cystineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 664.Transsulfuration and its regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 665.Cystathionine and related enzymatic reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 666.Glutathione synthesis and intercellular exchangeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 667.Taurine: synthesis, transport, and functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 668.Sulfite, sulfate, and sulfation reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 669.Hydrogen sulfide: biosynthesis, oxidation, and signaling functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 670.Sulfite oxidase and the molybdenum cofactorAvailable after publication
- Lesson 671.Inherited disorders of sulfur-containing compound metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 672.Links between sulfur metabolism, redox homeostasis, and biotransformationAvailable after publication
Module 64. Arginine, nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine
- Lesson 673.Arginine, citrulline, and ornithine outside the urea cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 674.Nitric oxide synthases, nitric oxide production, and enzyme couplingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 675.Nitric oxide, soluble guanylate cyclase, and cGMPAvailable after publication
- Lesson 676.Arginases and competition between arginine metabolic pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 677.Polyamine formation and metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 678.Putrescine, spermidine, and spermineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 679.Guanidinoacetate and creatine synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 680.Creatine transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 681.Creatine kinase and the phosphocreatine systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 682.Creatinine formation and links to muscle metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 683.Inherited disorders of creatine synthesis and transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 684.Dietary sources and laboratory indicators of creatine metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 65. Glyoxylate, oxalate, and the metabolic basis of nephrolithiasis
- Lesson 685.Sources of glyoxylateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 686.Glyoxylate, glycolate, glycine, and oxalateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 687.The contribution of hydroxyproline to glyoxylate formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 688.Primary hyperoxaluriasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 689.Dietary oxalates and intestinal absorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 690.Calcium, fat malabsorption, and enteric hyperoxaluriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 691.Microbial oxalate metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 692.Renal excretion and systemic accumulation of oxalateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 693.Oxalate, citrate, calcium, uric acid, and conditions for crystal formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 694.The biochemical basis of metabolic evaluation in stone formationAvailable after publication
Module 66. Purine nucleotides and uric acid
- Lesson 695.De novo purine synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 696.PRPP and regulation of purine nucleotide formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 697.Purine salvage pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 698.Interconversion of IMP, AMP, and GMPAvailable after publication
- Lesson 699.The purine nucleotide cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 700.Adenosine and extracellular purinergic signalingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 701.Purine degradation and uric acid formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 702.Urate transport and renal and intestinal excretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 703.Inherited disorders of purine metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 704.Hyperuricemia, urate stone formation, and tumor lysis syndromeAvailable after publication
Module 67. Pyrimidine nucleotides
- Lesson 705.De novo pyrimidine synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 706.Carbamoyl phosphate: distinguishing cytosolic and mitochondrial pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 707.Orotic acid and UMP formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 708.Synthesis of CTP and deoxyribonucleotidesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 709.Ribonucleotide reductase and deoxyribonucleotide balanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 710.Thymidylate synthase and links to the folate cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 711.Pyrimidine salvage pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 712.Uracil and thymine catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 713.β-Alanine and β-aminoisobutyrateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 714.Inherited disorders of pyrimidine synthesis and degradationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 715.The biochemical basis of antimetabolite actionAvailable after publication
Module 68. Heme, porphyrins, and bilirubin metabolism
- Lesson 716.Heme synthesis and its cellular localizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 717.Regulation of heme synthesis in the liver and erythroid cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 718.Porphyrins and their precursorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 719.Iron incorporation into hemeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 720.Hemoproteins and allocation of heme among cellular processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 721.Porphyrias: biochemical classificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 722.Diagnostic porphyrin profiles in blood, urine, and fecesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 723.Heme oxygenase and heme degradationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 724.Bilirubin: transport, conjugation, and excretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 725.Inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 726.Toxicants and drug effects on heme metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 69. Collagen and extracellular matrix metabolism
- Lesson 727.Collagen types and extracellular matrix organizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 728.Lysine, proline, hydroxylysine, and hydroxyprolineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 729.Procollagen synthesis and intracellular processingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 730.Proline and lysine hydroxylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 731.Cosubstrates, metals, and vitamin cofactors in hydroxylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 732.Glycosylation and assembly of the collagen triple helixAvailable after publication
- Lesson 733.Collagen secretion, maturation, and cross-linkingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 734.Elastin, proteoglycans, and interactions among matrix componentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 735.Collagen degradation and matrix metalloproteinasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 736.Inherited and acquired connective tissue disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 737.Markers of bone and connective tissue remodelingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 738.Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine: dietary sources and interpretive limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 70. Histidine, β-alanine, and biologically active dipeptides
- Lesson 739.Histidine catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 740.Formiminoglutamate and links to folate metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 741.Sources and conversions of β-alanineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 742.Carnosine synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
- Lesson 743.Anserine and other histidine-containing dipeptidesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 744.Buffering, binding, and redox properties of carnosineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 745.1-Methylhistidine: dietary origin and metabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 746.3-Methylhistidine: muscle metabolism and laboratory limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 747.Inherited disorders of histidine and related metabolite metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 71. Water-soluble vitamins and coenzyme systems
- Lesson 748.Thiamine and thiamine diphosphateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 749.Riboflavin, FMN, and FADAvailable after publication
- Lesson 750.Niacin, NAD⁺, and NADP⁺Available after publication
- Lesson 751.Pantothenate and coenzyme AAvailable after publication
- Lesson 752.Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxal phosphateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 753.Biotin and biotin-dependent carboxylasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 754.Folates and one-carbon carriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 755.Cobalamin and its coenzyme formsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 756.Ascorbate and ascorbate-dependent processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 757.Vitamin transport, cellular activation, and regenerationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 758.Stores, excretion, deficiency, and excess of water-soluble vitaminsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 759.Inherited disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 72. Fat-soluble vitamins and molecular regulation
- Lesson 760.Retinoids and the visual cycleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 761.Retinoic acid and transcriptional regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 762.Vitamin D synthesis, activation, and inactivationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 763.The vitamin D receptor and tissue effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 764.Tocopherols and tocotrienolsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 765.Vitamin E and membrane redox homeostasisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 766.Vitamin K and protein γ-carboxylationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 767.Transport and cellular distribution of fat-soluble vitaminsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 768.Fat malabsorption and vitamin disturbancesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 769.Accumulation, excess, and toxicity of fat-soluble vitaminsAvailable after publication
Module 73. Mineral metabolism and trace element biochemistry
- Lesson 770.Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and mineral pools in the bodyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 771.Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and FGF23Available after publication
- Lesson 772.Bone mineralization and mineral exchange between tissuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 773.Iron: transport, storage, and hepcidin–ferroportin regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 774.Copper biochemistry and ceruloplasmin functionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 775.Zinc and metal-binding proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 776.Selenium and selenoproteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 777.Iodine and thyroid hormone biochemistryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 778.Manganese, molybdenum, and other enzymatic trace elementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 779.Bioavailability and interactions of mineralsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 780.Trace element deficiency, excess, and redistribution in diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 781.Indicators of intake, nutritional status, and functional statusAvailable after publication
Module 74. Redox homeostasis and redox signaling
- Lesson 782.Reactive oxygen and nitrogen speciesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 783.Mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial sources of oxidizing equivalentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 784.NADPH oxidasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 785.The glutathione redox systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 786.Thioredoxin, peroxiredoxins, and reduction of protein thiolsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 787.Superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 788.NADPH and cellular reducing capacityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 789.Redox compartmentalizationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 790.NRF2 and regulation of cellular responsesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 791.Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 792.Malondialdehyde, isoprostanes, and analytical limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 793.Carbonyl stress, methylglyoxal, and the glyoxalase systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 794.Ferroptosis, iron, and phospholipid peroxidationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 795.Reductive stress and disruption of redox balanceAvailable after publication
Module 75. Xenobiotic biotransformation
- Lesson 796.Xenobiotic functionalization, conjugation, and transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 797.Cytochromes P450Available after publication
- Lesson 798.UDP-glucuronosyltransferasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 799.SulfotransferasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 800.Glutathione S-transferasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 801.Acetylation and other conjugation pathwaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 802.Xenobiotic transportersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 803.Hepatic and extrahepatic transformationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 804.Reactive metabolite formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 805.DNA and protein adductsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 806.Ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde, and redox shiftsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 807.Drug–food and drug–drug interactions at the enzyme levelAvailable after publication
Module 76. Biochemical toxicology and the exposome
- Lesson 808.Metals, metalloids, and metal-binding proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 809.Biochemical targets of metal toxicityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 810.Bisphenols, phthalates, triclosan, and other exogenous compoundsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 811.Endocrine-active substances and their mechanisms of actionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 812.External exposure, internal dose, and biological effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 813.Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and toxicant excretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 814.Biomonitoring matrices and sample collection timingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 815.Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 816.The exposome and combined effects of environmental factorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 817.Analytical and clinical limitations of commercial toxicant panelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 818.Biotransformation and limitations of generalized assessments of “detoxification capacity”Available after publication